![]() ![]() (An additional 'wrinkle' arises when the form of the written character has been 'simplified' in the PRC, making some of the formulas no longer workable, e.g., my own Chinese surname LUO. There are some commonly used examples in these formulas, especially in the case of surnames, but in the case of other morphemes, as in English there is often variation in the example words chosen by the explainer. er-dong CHEN, and 'east' ) or referring to a common (usually) two syllable compound word in which the morpheme/character in question occurs: e.g.ZHIDAO de ZHI the ZHI in the word ZHIDAO, 'to know'. Aside from 'writing in air' with one's finger, there are a few commonly used oral formulas (e.g. over the telephone, or -sometimes- even in person, when a paper and pencil is not readily available. Filed by Victor Mair under Alphabets, SpellingĪn interesting project, altho "A as in Apple" seems to work for me most of the time, rather than ABLE, BAKER, CHARLIE….(am I dating myself?)Ī much more complex problem, caused by the homophony of many Chinese morphemes (or 'paucity of vocables, as some 19th C scholar referred to it) is clarifying Chinese morphemes/characters e.g.These issues will be discussed in subsequent posts. (Note, for example, that many words in this list contain the initial letter more than once, on the assumption that this makes it easier to identify however, I was unable to find satisfactory words for all of the letters.) It will also be necessary to test all the words to determine their reliability–in terms of phonological recognition, as well as general acceptance in U.S. The first step would probably be to make sure that the code words are the best possible ones to fulfill the selection criteria–as well as any other criteria which may be included. I invite anyone who is interested in this project to contact me for discussion. Radiotelephony spelling alphabet for U.S. In such a case the sender would say, for example, "Angel, as in guardian angel". English.Įach code word is preceded by a word or phrase which could be used to provide semantic context in case the hearer does not recognize the word on first hearing, which is most likely to happen in cases of poor sound transmission. In order to make it potentially workable, I have been guided by the following criteria: the words should be (1) at most three syllables long, (2) while providing sufficient phonological clues to differentiate them from similar words, (3) and sufficiently common in casual speech to be familiar to most speakers of all social and regional versions of U.S. (An international alphabet, as some of the existing ones purport to be, would need to be very different.) It is not necessarily intended to be memorized, though frequent users might find it useful to do so. This version is designed to be used by speakers of U.S. The version presented below is my first attempt, which I offer as a model to be discussed and modified as needed. However, there seems to be a need for such an alphabet, and I would like to invite any linguists interested in developing one which would meet some key linguistic criteria (see next paragraph) to join me in creating it. ![]() It worked reasonably well, because Army people were accustomed to it, but–for a number of reasons–I do not find it useful now for occasions when I have to spell words over the phone. I personally had experience with the military version when I served in the U.S. ![]() military version, which are used for spelling names and other words over the telephone and radio. Several other domestic and international variants (e.g., Latin America’s “Ana Brazil” spelling alphabet) were used in this era, with lessons learned with respect to global functionality and understandability.Most subscribers to Language Log will be familiar with the NATO alphabet, and other alphabets such as the U.S. Its terms were as follows:Īble Baker Charlie Dog Easy Fox George How Item Jig King Love Mike Nan Oboe Peter Queen Roger Sugar Tare Uncle Victor William X-ray Yoke Zebra In 1941, the United States began using the Joint Army/Navy Phonetic Alphabet, which was more commonly known as the “Able Baker” version. The 1932 spelling alphabet consisted of the following:Īmsterdam Baltimore Casablanca Denmark Edison Florida Gallipoli Havana Italia Jerusalem Kilogramme Liverpool Madagascar New York Oslo Paris Quebec Roma Santiago Tripoli Upsala Valencia Washington Xanthippe Yokohama Zurich. The initial version was used from 1927 until 1932 when, with changes made to improve functionality, it was also adopted by the International Commission for Air Navigation (one of ICAO’s predecessor organizations). According to some sources, the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) created the world’s first spelling alphabet, which is a more accurate term for what most of us call the “phonetic” alphabet. ![]()
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